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Verb tenses in German
The present tense
Present tense
meanings | Regular verbs in the
present tense | Irregular verbs in
the present tense
Summary of verb tenses
| GRAMMAR INDEX
Present tense meanings
Whereas English has multiple present tense forms, German has one form
of the present tense. The German present tense is equivalent to all
of the present tense English forms:
ich spiele: I play, I am playing, I do play
wir finden: we find, we are finding, we do find
er handelt: he acts, he is acting, he does act
du sprichst: you speak, you are speaking, you do speak
In addition, the present tense may indicate future time. In fact, the
present tense is used much more frequently than the actual future tense
to indicate future time in German. Usually, an adverb of time or the
context itself will reveal that a future time is meant:
Ich spiele morgen Tennis.
Tomorrow I am playing (will
play) Tennis.
Nächstes Jahr reisen wir in die
Schweiz.
Next year we are travelling (will
travel) to Switzerland.
Present tense
meanings | Regular
verbs in the present tense | Irregular
verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses
| GRAMMAR INDEX
Present tense formation
The forms of German verbs in the present tense are based on the verb's
infinitive -- this is the
form that ends in -n or -en and that you find in you find
in a dictionary entry.
Regular verbs in the present tense
The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following
manner:
Verb stem (infinitive minus -(e)n)
+ personal endings: -e,
-(e)st,
-(e)t,
-en, -(e)t,
-en
spielen - to
play |
finden - to
find |
handeln -
to act |
preisen -
to praise |
ich spiele |
ich finde |
ich handele |
ich preise |
du spielst |
du findest |
du handelst |
du preist |
er spielt |
sie findet |
es handelt |
er preist |
wir spielen |
wir finden |
wir handeln |
wir preisen |
ihr spielt |
ihr findet |
ihr handelt |
ihr preist |
sie spielen |
Sie finden |
sie handeln |
Sie preisen |
VARIATIONS:
Most German verbs end in -en. Verbs whose stems end
in -ln or -rn drop only the -n before adding
personal endings: wandern, handeln.
With these verbs, the -en personal
ending drops the -e: wir fordern,
Sie liefern,
wir regeln,
sie entwickeln.
Verbs whose stems ends in -d, -t, or -m
or -n following another consonant add an additional -e-
before a-t or -st
ending:
INFINITIVES: finden,
arbeiten, zeichnen,
atmen
CONJUGATED: du findest,
du arbeitest,
es zeichnet,
ihr atmet.
Verbs whose stems end in -s, -ss, -ß,
-x, or -z drop the -s-
in the du-form -st personal
ending:
INFINITIVES: bremsen,
heißen, boxen,
reizen
CONJUGATED: du bremst,
du heißt,
du boxt,
du reizt.
NOTES:
All German verbs are regular in the plural forms of
the present tense except for sein (to be), whose forms
are listed below.
Present tense
meanings | Regular
verbs in the present tense | Irregular
verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses
| GRAMMAR INDEX
Irregular verbs in the present tense
(1) Stem-changing verbs
Stem-changing verbs are conjugated much the same way as
regular verbs, except there is a stem change in the du- and
er-form conjugations in the present tense. There are 4 main
types of stem changes:
a > ä |
au > äu |
e > i |
e > ie |
fahren - to
drive |
laufen - to
run |
sprechen -
to speak |
sehen - to
see |
ich fahre |
ich laufe |
ich spreche |
ich sehe |
du fährst |
du läufst |
du sprichst |
du siehst |
er fährt |
sie läuft |
es spricht |
er sieht |
wir fahren |
wir laufen |
wir sprechen |
wir sehen |
ihr fahrt |
ihr lauft |
ihr sprecht |
ihr seht |
sie fahren |
Sie laufen |
sie sprechen |
Sie sehen |
VARIATIONS:
Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends
in -d or -t do not add an additional -e-
before an -st ending:
INFINITIVES: laden,
raten, braten.
CONJUGATED: er
lädt,
du rätst,
du brätst.
Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends
in -d or -t do not add an additional -et
ending in the er/sie/es-form. The suffix is omitted completely:
INFINITIVES: raten,
halten, gelten
CONJUGATED: er
rät, es hält,
es gilt.
Like regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems end in
-s, -ß, or -z drop the -s-
in the du-form -st
personal ending:
INFINITIVES: messen,
lesen, lassen,
essen
CONJUGATED: du misst,
du liest,
du lässt,
du isst.
There are 2 stem-changing verbs with that do not follow any
of the above patterns:
stoßen to
bump, push [o > ö]
ich stoße,
du stößt,
er stößt,
wir stoßen,
ihr stoßt,
sie stoßen.
erlöschen to go
out (of light, fire) [ö > i]
commonly used only in the er/sie/es-form:
erlischt.
NOTES:
All stem-changing verbs are strong
verbs.
(2) Modal verbs in the present tense
The German language has 6 modal verbs. These verbs can
be grouped together not only because they are used in much the same
way but also because their formation is also similar.
können |
müssen |
dürfen |
wollen |
sollen |
mögen |
can, to be able |
must, to have to |
may, to be allowed |
to want to |
should, to be supposed to |
to like |
ich kann |
ich muss |
ich darf |
ich will |
ich soll |
ich mag |
du kannst |
du musst |
du darfst |
du willst |
du sollst |
du magst |
er kann |
sie muss |
es darf |
er will |
sie soll |
es mag |
wir können |
wir müssen |
wir dürfen |
wir wollen |
wir sollen |
wir mögen |
ihr könnt |
ihr müsst |
ihr dürft |
ihr wollt |
ihr sollt |
ihr mögt |
sie können |
Sie müssen |
sie dürfen |
Sie wollen |
sie sollen |
Sie mögen |
NOTES:
All modal verbs are mixed verbs, meaning that they share
characteristics of both strong verbs and weak verbs.
Modal verbs have characteristic stem changes in their singular
forms (except for sollen).
The ich-form and er/sie/es-forms of the modal
verbs all lack personal endings and these two forms are also identical
for each verb.
Like all other verbs in German except sein, the plural
forms of the modal verbs are all regular.
NOTES:
The modal verbs belong to the category of mixed
verbs.
See also: The modal verbs.
(3) Other irregular verbs
There are 4 irregular verbs in the present tense in German
that do not fit into any of the above categories: sein, haben,
werden, and wissen. These are commonly used verbs, so
their forms should be memorized. While they share some similarities
with other types of verbs, their conjugations are not wholly predictable.
sein - to
be |
haben - to
have |
werden - to
become |
wissen - to
know |
ich bin |
ich habe |
ich werde |
ich weiß |
du bist |
du hast |
du wirst |
du weißt |
er ist |
sie hat |
es wird |
er weiß |
wir sind |
wir haben |
wir werden |
wir wissen |
ihr seid |
ihr habt |
ihr werdet |
ihr wisst |
sie sind |
Sie haben |
sie werden |
Sie wissen |
NOTES:
The verb haben is irregular only in the du- and
er/sie/es-forms, where the b of the verb stem is omitted.
The verb werden is a stem-changing verb (e >
i). In addition, the verb omits
the personal ending -t in the
er/sie/es-form.
The conjugation of wissen follows a pattern similar
to that of the modal verbs. In addition, note that du-form adds only a -t
personal ending since the verb stem ends in ß.
With the single exception of the verb sein, all German
verbs are regular in the plural form conjugations. Any irregularities
occur in the singular forms.
Present tense
meanings | Regular
verbs in the present tense | Irregular
verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses
| GRAMMAR INDEX

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