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Verb tenses in German

The present tense

Present tense meanings | Regular verbs in the present tense | Irregular verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses | GRAMMAR INDEX

Present tense meanings

Whereas English has multiple present tense forms, German has one form of the present tense. The German present tense is equivalent to all of the present tense English forms:
ich spiele: I play, I am playing, I do play
wir finden: we find, we are finding, we do find
er handelt: he acts, he is acting, he does act
du sprichst: you speak, you are speaking, you do speak
In addition, the present tense may indicate future time. In fact, the present tense is used much more frequently than the actual future tense to indicate future time in German. Usually, an adverb of time or the context itself will reveal that a future time is meant:
Ich spiele morgen Tennis.
Tomorrow I am playing (will play) Tennis.

Nächstes Jahr reisen wir in die Schweiz.
Next year we are travelling (will travel) to Switzerland.


Present tense meanings | Regular verbs in the present tense | Irregular verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses | GRAMMAR INDEX

Present tense formation

The forms of German verbs in the present tense are based on the verb's infinitive -- this is the form that ends in -n or -en and that you find in you find in a dictionary entry.


Regular verbs in the present tense

The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following manner:
Verb stem (infinitive minus -(e)n) + personal endings: -e, -(e)st, -(e)t, -en, -(e)t, -en

spielen - to play finden - to find handeln - to act preisen - to praise
 ich spiele  ich finde  ich handele  ich preise
du spielst du findest du handelst du preist
er spielt sie findet es handelt er preist
wir spielen wir finden wir handeln wir preisen
ihr spielt ihr findet ihr handelt ihr preist
sie spielen Sie finden sie handeln Sie preisen


VARIATIONS:

• Most German verbs end in -en. Verbs whose stems end in -ln or -rn drop only the -n before adding personal endings: wandern, handeln. With these verbs, the -en personal ending drops the -e: wir fordern, Sie liefern, wir regeln, sie entwickeln.

• Verbs whose stems ends in -d, -t, or -m or -n following another consonant add an additional -e- before a-t or -st ending:
  INFINITIVES: finden, arbeiten, zeichnen, atmen
  CONJUGATED: du findest, du arbeitest, es zeichnet, ihr atmet.

• Verbs whose stems end in -s, -ss, -ß, -x, or -z drop the -s- in the du-form -st personal ending:
  INFINITIVES: bremsen, heißen, boxen, reizen
  CONJUGATED: du bremst, du heißt, du boxt, du reizt.


NOTES:

• All German verbs are regular in the plural forms of the present tense except for sein (to be), whose forms are listed below.

Present tense meanings | Regular verbs in the present tense | Irregular verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses | GRAMMAR INDEX

Irregular verbs in the present tense

(1) Stem-changing verbs

Stem-changing verbs are conjugated much the same way as regular verbs, except there is a stem change in the du- and er-form conjugations in the present tense. There are 4 main types of stem changes:

a > ä au > äu e > i e > ie
fahren - to drive laufen - to run sprechen - to speak sehen - to see
 ich fahre  ich laufe  ich spreche  ich sehe
du fährst du läufst du sprichst du siehst
er fährt sie läuft es spricht er sieht
wir fahren wir laufen wir sprechen wir sehen
ihr fahrt ihr lauft ihr sprecht ihr seht
sie fahren Sie laufen sie sprechen Sie sehen


VARIATIONS:

• Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends in -d or -t do not add an additional -e- before an -st ending:
  INFINITIVES: laden, raten, braten.
  CONJUGATED: er lädt, du rätst, du brätst.

• Unlike regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems ends in -d or -t do not add an additional -et ending in the er/sie/es-form. The suffix is omitted completely:
  INFINITIVES: raten, halten, gelten
  CONJUGATED: er rät, es hält, es gilt.

• Like regular verbs, stem-changing verbs whose stems end in -s, -ß, or -z drop the -s- in the du-form -st personal ending:
  INFINITIVES: messen, lesen, lassen, essen
  CONJUGATED: du misst, du liest, du lässt, du isst.

• There are 2 stem-changing verbs with that do not follow any of the above patterns:
  stoßen to bump, push [o > ö]
      ich stoße, du stößt, er stößt, wir stoßen, ihr stoßt, sie stoßen.
  erlöschen to go out (of light, fire) [ö > i]
      commonly used only in the er/sie/es-form: erlischt.

NOTES:

• All stem-changing verbs are strong verbs.

(2) Modal verbs in the present tense

The German language has 6 modal verbs. These verbs can be grouped together not only because they are used in much the same way but also because their formation is also similar.

können
müssen dürfen wollen sollen mögen
can, to be able must, to have to may, to be allowed to want to should, to be supposed to to like
 ich kann  ich muss  ich darf  ich will  ich soll  ich mag
du kannst du musst du darfst du willst du sollst du magst
er kann sie muss es darf er will sie soll es mag
wir können wir müssen wir dürfen wir wollen wir sollen wir mögen
ihr könnt ihr müsst ihr dürft ihr wollt ihr sollt ihr mögt
sie können Sie müssen sie dürfen Sie wollen sie sollen Sie mögen


NOTES:

• All modal verbs are mixed verbs, meaning that they share characteristics of both strong verbs and weak verbs.

• Modal verbs have characteristic stem changes in their singular forms (except for sollen).

• The ich-form and er/sie/es-forms of the modal verbs all lack personal endings and these two forms are also identical for each verb.

• Like all other verbs in German except sein, the plural forms of the modal verbs are all regular.

NOTES:

• The modal verbs belong to the category of mixed verbs.

See also: The modal verbs.

(3) Other irregular verbs

There are 4 irregular verbs in the present tense in German that do not fit into any of the above categories: sein, haben, werden, and wissen. These are commonly used verbs, so their forms should be memorized. While they share some similarities with other types of verbs, their conjugations are not wholly predictable.

sein - to be haben - to have werden - to become wissen - to know
 ich bin  ich habe  ich werde  ich weiß
du bist du hast du wirst du weißt
er ist sie hat es wird er weiß
wir sind wir haben wir werden wir wissen
ihr seid ihr habt ihr werdet ihr wisst
sie sind Sie haben sie werden Sie wissen


NOTES:

• The verb haben is irregular only in the du- and er/sie/es-forms, where the b of the verb stem is omitted.

• The verb werden is a stem-changing verb (e > i). In addition, the verb omits the personal ending -t in the er/sie/es-form.

• The conjugation of wissen follows a pattern similar to that of the modal verbs. In addition, note that du-form adds only a -t personal ending since the verb stem ends in ß.

• With the single exception of the verb sein, all German verbs are regular in the plural form conjugations. Any irregularities occur in the singular forms.


Present tense meanings | Regular verbs in the present tense | Irregular verbs in the present tense
Summary of verb tenses | GRAMMAR INDEX



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